1. ab变频器报f012故障代码什么意思
不知道你使用的到底是A还是B 我使用的是B2系列的
9.1 驱动器异警一览表
异警表示 异警名称 异警动作内容
AL001 过电流 主回路电流值超越电机瞬间最大电流值1.5 倍时动作
AL002 过电压 主回路电压值高于规格值时动作
AL003 低电压 主回路电压值低于规格电压时动作
AL004 电机匹配异常 驱动器所对应的电机不对
AL005 回生异常 回生控制作动异常时动作
AL006 过负荷 电机及驱动器过负荷时动作
AL007 过速度 电机控制速度超过正常速度过大时动作
AL008 异常脉冲控制指令 脉冲指令的输入频率超过硬件介面允许值时动作
AL009 位置控制误差过大 位置控制误差量大于设定允许值时动作
AL010 保留 保留
AL011 编码器异常 编码器产生脉冲信号异常时动作
AL012 校正异常 执行电气校正时校正值超越允许值时动作
AL013 紧急停止 紧急按钮按下时动作
AL014 反向极限异常 逆向极限开关被按下时动作
AL015 正向极限异常 正向极限开关被按下时动作
AL016 IGBT 过热 IGBT 温度过高时动作
AL017 参数存储器异常 存储器（EE-PROM）存取异常时动作
AL018 检出器输出异常 检出器输出高于额定输出频率
AL019 串列通讯异常 RS-232／485 通讯异常时动作
AL020 串列通讯超时 RS-232／485 通讯超时时动作
AL021 保留 保留
AL022 主回路电源缺相 主回路电源缺相仅单相输入
AL023 预先过负载警告 预先过负载警告
AL024 编码器初始磁场错误 编码器磁场位置UVW 错误
AL025 编码器内部错误 编码器内部存储器异常，内部计数器异常
AL026 编码器内部资料可靠度错误 内部资料连续三次异常
AL030 电机碰撞错误 当电机撞击硬件设备，达到P1-57 的扭矩设定在经过P1-58 的设定时间
AL031 电机U,V,W 接线错误 电机Power Line U,V,W,GND 接线错误
AL099DSP 软件升级 软件版本升级后，尚未执行EE-PROM 重整，执行P2-08＝30，28 后重新送电即可。
2. ab变频器故障代码f013
第一，这种现象是偶尔出现，还是经常出现。
第二，这种现象出现时，周围是否有其他的大型用电设备在启动，或者是停止； 以上两个情况如果没有，就可以排除电磁干扰的因素了。非电磁干扰因素，那就是变频器本身的问题，可能是硬件故障了。3. ab变频器报警f081
二手车鉴定评估师属于国家六大类资产评估职业，早期是设有准入资格必须持证上岗的（虽然现在不强制要求了），所以从事二手车相关工作的都知道要考取二手车鉴定评估师证书。特别是如果你是一个汽车小白，二手车评估师证书就是你入行的敲门砖。
评估师证作用
《二手车评估师》是国务院公布的国家六类资产评估师之一，是二手车鉴定评估、交易业必备的资格资质证书，职业等级分为中级二手车鉴定评估师和高级二手车鉴定评估师两个等级，并实行统一编号等级管理和国家劳动部官网查询，是相关人员求职、任职、晋升、包括开办二手车交易公司或评估机构等法律上的有效证件，可记入档案、全国通用。随着二手车市场的进一步发展和规范，二手车鉴定评估师职业资格证书将成为进入二手车经营、评估领域的必备通行证。
值得注意的是，目前市场上也有些是不具备办学许可资质的机构在贩卖二手车评估师证书，这种证书不但考了没用，还容易被一些二手车企业或者有需要买卖二手车的消费者认为是骗子。所以，在报考二手车评估师技能证书的时候一定要认准具有办学许可证的正规学校报考。
评估师改革
证书虽然改革，但是并不意味着国家取消二手车鉴定评估师这个职业和人才评定制度，而是简政放权，转而由行业市场来主导人才评定。即从2017年开始，二手车鉴定评估师由国家六大类资产评估职业所对应的国家级行业协会【中国汽车流通协会】统一组织岗位技能考试，并发放证书。
虽然人社部明确减少部分职业资格证书（包括二手车评估资格证），但是依然可以作为水平评价证书使用，原有的二手车评估证继续生效，也不需要担心改革后证书没用。
如下图对比，图一是2017年之前的，图二是2017年之后的。
图一
图二
机构报名流程
现在二手车评估师报名虽然是直接在官网上报名，但因为2017年的证书改革，官网不接受个人报名的，都需要统一通过授权机构才能报名，有资格报名的机构手中会有授权文件的。
报名以后考生需要经过专业的课程培训，培训主要是理论以及实战，二手车行业对于考生实战要求是非常高的，没有丰富的经验是很难在行业中获得更好的发展。
二手车评估师考试还是比较简单的，考生只要用心的学习相关的内容以及课程就能通过考试的，因为在课程中都会有详细的介绍。
注意事项：选择辅导机构要注意，该考试可以通过网络远程上课学习，辅导机构获得个人证件信息后，可以帮自己报名，但是对于承诺可以在网络上直接参与考试或者不用报名，到场即可参与考试的机构，就要注意是否是假机构，因为该考试必须提前报名，不能通过网络，必须到现场参与考试。
考试流程
考试说明
二手车评估师资格证分为中级二手车鉴定评估师（国家职业资格四级）和高级二手车鉴定评估师（国家职业资格三级），都需要符合报考条件之后才可以报名参加考试，考试通过后即可获得相应等级的证书。
中级二手车鉴定评估师：能通过简单的仪器和目测手段了解车况并定价。需要掌握汽车商品知识，如汽车分类、车辆识别代号编码、主要技术参数和性能指标、汽车构造、运用电子商务收集各类汽车信息等，如掌握2.0及以下乘用车主要部件和整车技术状况;最后评定与估算汽车价格，定为四级二手鉴定评估师。
高级二手车鉴定评估师：需要掌握当前的汽车新技术，能操作、调用MITCHELL软件；能洽谈业务，做好前期准备和现场手续检查；掌握汽车主要部件和整车技术状况；最后估算价格。此外还需要掌握汽车相关英语。高级二手评估师有更强的分析评估能力。定为三级二手鉴定评估师。
二手车评估师资格证/岗位技能证的申请条件主要是根据二手车行业的工作年限、驾照等级、学历等级、年龄等限制。
考试安排
随着考培分离的实施，2022年的二手车评估师的考试难度肯定会增加，有不少专业人士预测考培分离后，二手车评估师考试的通过率可能会下降到50%左右，考生需要投入更多的时间和精力在学习上才能顺利通过考试。
报考时间
由于二手车评估师每年进行多次考试批次，所以具体的报考时间，是在自己完成培训机构的课程之后，咨询培训机构安排的报考老师进行报名考试，在咨询中，一定要充分了解清楚不同登记的评估师报考需要准备的材料，避免出现报名错误的情况。
考试时间
已知的统考有五次，时间分别为4月、6月、8月、10月和12月。具体考试日期、地点、方式，随着时间推移变化，情况可能也会有变动，由考生考试机构或培训机构另行通知。
合格标准
考核分两部分，分别是理论与实践，其中，理论部分为闭卷问答，部分为选项填空，实践部分为实践题，并按百分制完成，得分达到60%即为及格。
2022年二手车鉴定评估师考试题型可参照2021年二手车鉴定评估师考试题型和考试时长，如下： 二手车鉴定评估师分理论+实操考试，理论为1.5小时，实操为2小时，两个科目考试时间共计3.5小时，先考理论再考实操。
理论基础知识：考试形式是闭卷纸笔作答，考试内容主要以二手车鉴定评估理论基础、汽车基本原理和构造、二手车估计计算方法（重置成本法、现行估计法 等）、二手车交易流程、二手车交易手续办理等为主。
实操技能考核：考试形式是考生现场对二手车辆进行鉴定评估，并完成鉴定评估作业表，实操技能的考试难度比理论基础知识还的考试难度要大一些，主要考察学员的实际工作能力。考试的内容包括二手车鉴定评估实务技术、二手车检测仪器的使用、二手车鉴定评估及项目作业表的撰写等。
中级二手车评估师考试和高级二手车评估师考试唯一不同的是在实操技能考核上，高级需要写出对一辆车的鉴定评估的各方面的细节及总结的论文并做论文答辩。
证书领取
二手车鉴定评估师考试到证书颁发需要2个月左右的时间，中途遇到节假日还得推迟，所以时间周期也是需要考虑的，如果着急用资质证书（资产评估，司法鉴定，鉴定评估类公司年审备案，入围司法系统，年初找工作等），就一定要提前规划时间。
上门领取：学员带上身份证或其他能够证明身份信息的有效证件来校自取，证书代领需要代领人身份证和学员身份证领取。
快递邮寄：外地学员一律采用快递邮寄方式下发证书，各位学员和各自招生老师需要及时核对邮寄地址。如有其它疑问可直接联系学校的报考负责人。
中级评估师
报考条件
持有我国C1牌照或者以上机动车驾驶证，符合以下任一要求即可：
1、持有我国B1照片并连续从事二手车评估工作4年及以上。
2、获得中专学历并连续从事二手车评估工作2年及以上。
3、获得大专以上学历并连续从事二手车评估工作1年及以上。
4、获得本科及以上学历。
报考材料
报考二手车评估师需要身份证、学历证、驾驶证扫描件或复印件，要求证件信息清晰可见，无损毁、遮挡。本人电子版照片，尺寸不限，红蓝白均可；准备好以上资料传给招生老师；同时缴纳相关报名费用即可。
高级评估师
报考条件
持有我国C1牌照或者以上机动车驾驶证，符合以下任一要求即可：
1、持有我国A1、A2驾驶证并连续从事二手车评估工作6年及以上。
2、获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作3年及以上。
3、具备大专学历，获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作2年及以上。
4、具备本科学历，获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作1年及以上。
报考材料
报考二手车评估师需要身份证、学历证、驾驶证扫描件或复印件，要求证件信息清晰可见，无损毁、遮挡。本人电子版照片，尺寸不限，红蓝白均可；准备好以上资料传给招生老师；同时缴纳相关报名费用即可。
如何备考
网络课程学习
在培训机构报名成功后，开始前期的网络课程学习部分和在线做题库练习以及模拟考试。
备考第一阶段：以学习理论知识为主，可以观看精讲课程，课程内容以理解为主，把握重要考点。
备考第二阶段：强化重点知识，通过做题了解考点以及考查形式，结合强化冲刺视频，学完 一章做一章节的题目，做错的题需要返回课本中找到出处，强化做错的知识点，题一般重复做 3-5 次，直至完全掌握为止。
备考第三阶段：大量做题强化阶段。考前10天开始第三阶段学习，学习以刷题为主，可做模拟试卷，可以自己计时模拟考试，全部做完题目之后再去看答案。刷题过程中注意总结做 题技巧，考前1周回归到教材，查漏补缺。
（培训机构官网需要个人在浏览器中查询当地的培训学校，完成学校的报名后，根据学校的安排参加课程培训，然后根据自己的掌握程度来进行备考。）
需要学习的内容如下（书本知识）：
1、汽车基础知识：汽车的基本构造、车辆识别代号编码、主要零部件及工作性能、汽车的分类、常见汽车品牌的特点等。
2、掌握系统理论：发动机、汽车电器电控及底盘构造、汽车配件、常见汽车故障诊断、钣金喷漆、汽车维修工时费等。
3、二手车动态检查：路试（检查车辆的操控、加速、噪音、制动性能等）。
4、二手车静态检查：检查电器电控设备、汽车的漆面内饰、螺丝焊接点、汽车各部件之间的缝隙等。
现场实操培训
经过前期的网络课程学习后，到校再参加实操强化培训的课程，动手鉴定评估二手车，撰写评估报告。（实际操作）
静态检查
能根据资料核对车辆基本情况，能检查发动机技术状况，能检查底盘技术状况，能检查车身技术状况，能检查电器电子技术状况，能识别事故车辆。
完成这些需要熟练掌握机动车识伪检查方法，发动机静态检查方法，底盘静态检查方法，车身静态检查方法，电器电子静态检查方法，事故车静态检查方法。
动态检查
能进行路试前的准备工作，能动态检查机动车性能，能进行路试后的检查工作。
完成这些需要熟练掌握机动车制动性能检查方法，机动车动力性能检查方法，机动车操纵性能检查方法，机动车滑行性能检查方法，机动车噪声和废气检查方法。
综合评定
能分析二手车的技术状况，能提出机动车检测建议，能识读机动车综合性能检测报告。
评估计算
能用重置成本法评估二手车价值，能用现行市价法评估二手车价值，能用收益现值法评估二手车价值，能用清算价格法评估二手车价值。
完成这些需要熟练掌握重置成本法的计算模型和估算方法，二手车贬值及其估算，成新率确定方法，现行市价法的'评估流程和计算方法，收益现值法的评估流程和计算方法，清算价格法的基本方法。
鉴定评估报告
能与委托方交流，确认鉴定评估结论，能编写二手车鉴定评估报告，能归档二手车鉴定评估报告。
二手车评估师不仅要会看车还要会收车卖车，所以还需要掌握二手车交易过户流程，包括合适车辆、车主的真实身份信息和车辆来源，保险过户、贷款抵押等。
希望以上的内容可以帮大家清楚的了解到二手车评估师的具体考试内容。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车鉴定评估师属于国家六大类资产评估职业，早期是设有准入资格必须持证上岗的（虽然现在不强制要求了），所以从事二手车相关工作的都知道要考取二手车鉴定评估师证书。特别是如果你是一个汽车小白，二手车评估师证书就是你入行的敲门砖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GAOcdeWA4o0UkAx0Uq3cZN6on5d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"评估师证作用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VggydCwYSo8ikwx4aJ3cKZSAnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《二手车评估师》是国务院公布的国家六类资产评估师之一，是二手车鉴定评估、交易业必备的资格资质证书，职业等级分为中级二手车鉴定评估师和高级二手车鉴定评估师两个等级，并实行统一编号等级管理和国家劳动部官网查询，是相关人员求职、任职、晋升、包括开办二手车交易公司或评估机构等法律上的有效证件，可记入档案、全国通用。随着二手车市场的进一步发展和规范，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"二手车鉴定评估师职业资格证","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"书将成为进入二手车经营、评估领域的必备通行证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqOOda82Yo8AEGxGYfMcPhV5nmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"值得注意的是，目前市场上也有些是不具备办学许可资质的机构在贩卖二手车评估师证书，这种证书不但考了没用，还容易被一些二手车企业或者有需要买卖二手车的消费者认为是骗子。所以，在报考二手车评估师技能证书的时候一定要认准具有办学许可证的正规学校报考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Keoud60SIoUcOSxMjnXc1YznnNf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":598,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"评估师证作用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62399fce6f9f49e3a6ea7fb701f94e6a","width":862},"text":"","id":"AEucd8ciwoG4Qkx0OlwcUp1cnnh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"评估师改革","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KOdEoquo2W6Qxq8uycxrPknSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书虽然改革，但是并不意味着国家取消二手车鉴定评估师这个职业和人才评定制度，而是简政放权，转而由行业市场来主导人才评定。即从2017年开始，二手车鉴定评估师由国家六大类资产评估职业所对应的国家级行业协会【中国汽车流通协会】统一组织岗位技能考试，并发放证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoiedEqwCoUawuxSY4bcfBtxn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然人社部明确减少部分职业资格证书（包括二手车评估资格证），但是依然可以作为水平评价证书使用，原有的二手车评估证继续生效，也不需要担心改革后证书没用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EyICdGs4uoEk0axURM6c0hfKnvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如下图对比，图一是2017年之前的，图二是2017年之后的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMKudYwayoqAKexSahJcp5VfnGh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":408,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"评估师改革","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a70f1fdf8e1b4adf9d595d867b5b0698","width":600},"text":"","id":"Oe4edYKAOooEyGxWKCLcEYKtnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图一","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO0wdssMiosAEGxsfkYclWGbnQg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"评估师改革","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bea80ccf117f4831ad2fffe379055fba","width":900},"text":"","id":"VoCWd4yiqoEUMUx6uF2cpVDunsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图二","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nm4AdCQWMokEimxkZ9PcxYI4nRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"机构报名流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JiMWd8kQ6oyi8exgnb0cr7aOnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在二手车评估师报名虽然是直接在官网上报名，但因为2017年的证书改革，官网不接受个人报名的，都需要统一通过授权机构才能报名，有资格报名的机构手中会有授权文件的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyiydKqOyomguexYh9ncH4N0nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名以后考生需要经过专业的课程培训，培训主要是理论以及实战，二手车行业对于考生实战要求是非常高的，没有丰富的经验是很难在行业中获得更好的发展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WGIIdcqsGogg2YxsZXrch1JrnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车评估师考试还是比较简单的，考生只要用心的学习相关的内容以及课程就能通过考试的，因为在课程中都会有详细的介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PwAQd2U4yoEMmixstvkcpBtDn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意事项：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"选择辅导机构要注意，该考试可以通过网络远程上课学习，辅导机构获得个人证件信息后，可以帮自己报名，但是对于承诺可以在网络上直接参与考试或者不用报名，到场即可参与考试的机构，就要注意是否是假机构，因为该考试必须提前报名，不能通过网络，必须到现场参与考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PwisdU6WUo2uAAx0sE3cUOYWn2e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":354,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"机构报名流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3810999e0a2c4c8e9dff7fb64c49c9b6","width":531},"text":"","id":"XGO0dgYcqoGEIGx42jEcrC6fn4e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B4EWdEaico0UcIxi2fIcns2Qnec"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试说明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AeEmd2oa8oIyQsx6HuwcPuBrnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车评估师资格证分为中级二手车鉴定评估师（国家职业资格四级）和高级二手车鉴定评估师（国家职业资格三级），都需要符合报考条件之后才可以报名参加考试，考试通过后即可获得相应等级的证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8aAdI6WsoGCOoxgTL1c7RbunBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"中级二手车鉴定评估师：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"能通过简单的仪器和目测手段了解车况并定价。需要掌握汽车商品知识，如汽车分类、车辆识别代号编码、主要技术参数和性能指标、汽车构造、运用电子商务收集各类汽车信息等，如掌握2.0及以下乘用车主要部件和整车技术状况;最后评定与估算汽车价格，定为四级二手鉴定评估师。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GKYEdQsaEoyOS8xo3EbclLawnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"高级二手车鉴定评估师：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"需要掌握当前的汽车新技术，能操作、调用MITCHELL软件；能洽谈业务，做好前期准备和现场手续检查；掌握汽车主要部件和整车技术状况；最后估算价格。此外还需要掌握汽车相关英语。高级二手评估师有更强的分析评估能力。定为三级二手鉴定评估师。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYgAdciCgoSaQkx6Ea2cbm03nLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车评估师资格证/岗位技能证的申请条件主要是根据二手车行业的工作年限、驾照等级、学历等级、年龄等限制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SqqOdc40CoYeYixwpuCcCdOYnVc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":424,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"考试说明","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb4cf597e5384dd88a49698a87dd77c9","width":616},"text":"","id":"OwAcdoSUmoW2sUxmOVBcjUcKngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试安排","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YUwwdcAcAos2aKx0qHZcRlOqnEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着考培分离的实施，2022年的二手车评估师的考试难度肯定会增加，有不少专业人士预测考培分离后，二手车评估师考试的通过率可能会下降到50%左右，考生需要投入更多的时间和精力在学习上才能顺利通过考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BAoodaCaGo8Omgxcl9ScQiGnnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oa4MdM2GAo6Y08xQ3xjclDfHnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于二手车评估师每年进行多次考试批次，所以具体的报考时间，是在自己完成培训机构的课程之后，咨询培训机构安排的报考老师进行报名考试，在咨询中，一定要充分了解清楚不同登记的评估师报考需要准备的材料，避免出现报名错误的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lg0id8oumoY2CKxk3fKcs3ndnHh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HWcGdYgKAowAY0xGYpRccB4VnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已知的统考有五次，时间分别为4月、6月、8月、10月和12月。具体考试日期、地点、方式，随着时间推移变化，情况可能也会有变动，由考生考试机构或培训机构另行通知。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tg4KdMq8Soi8qAxgFEIcGWRknQd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIEod2GIIoKUCCxiExHc7WeRnKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考核分两部分，分别是理论与实践，其中，理论部分为闭卷问答，部分为选项填空，实践部分为实践题，并按百分制完成，得分达到60%即为及格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4UodkO2WowEemxaeOfcHKVSnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2022年二手车鉴定评估师考试题型可参照2021年二手车鉴定评估师考试题型和考试时长，如下： 二手车鉴定评估师分理论+实操考试，理论为1.5小时，实操为2小时，两个科目考试时间共计3.5小时，先考理论再考实操。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEOOdwgUqoMMACxK4zNchy2Gnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"理论基础知识：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"考试形式是闭卷纸笔作答，考试内容主要以二手车鉴定评估理论基础、汽车基本原理和构造、二手车估计计算方法（重置成本法、现行估计法 等）、二手车交易流程、二手车交易手续办理等为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oq6ydcg8Aoc4amxmJAVcZvjdnnX"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68777af7212c44f1b27dab7669abfffd","width":600},"text":"","id":"IkOUdcYoAouwA0xOwfIcIKHon5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"实操技能考核：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"考试形式是考生现场对二手车辆进行鉴定评估，并完成鉴定评估作业表，实操技能的考试难度比理论基础知识还的考试难度要大一些，主要考察学员的实际工作能力。考试的内容包括二手车鉴定评估实务技术、二手车检测仪器的使用、二手车鉴定评估及项目作业表的撰写等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGUCdIcoqowqkKxOeIBci671nff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":405,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"合格标准","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ebaf5b813f64a2ebd7bdce431424252","width":600},"text":"","id":"FOWkdASGuowmCAxYnOPc4U9Ande"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级二手车评估师考试和高级二手车评估师考试唯一不同的是在实操技能考核上，高级需要写出对一辆车的鉴定评估的各方面的细节及总结的论文并做论文答辩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqOGdYKEOo6sAQx43TnciVubn5a"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fca8dau8Uoyo6AxqYncc2YXunRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车鉴定评估师考试到证书颁发需要2个月左右的时间，中途遇到节假日还得推迟，所以时间周期也是需要考虑的，如果着急用资质证书（资产评估，司法鉴定，鉴定评估类公司年审备案，入围司法系统，年初找工作等），就一定要提前规划时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X4q4dKa02oU2gYxQJ1scf6R1nGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"上门领取：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"学员带上身份证或其他能够证明身份信息的有效证件来校自取，证书代领需要代领人身份证和学员身份证领取。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EykQdyIwYoCaiwxC4TzcRZe5nBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"快递邮寄：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"外地学员一律采用快递邮寄方式下发证书，各位学员和各自招生老师需要及时核对邮寄地址。如有其它疑问可直接联系学校的报考负责人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsU8d6eoyoqISqxWGamcekGPnlh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级评估师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YKuKdcmS4osEAoxaw9ccTZ1gnGe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8Q8dgcgyoMMIyxO6NMcr3XBnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持有我国C1牌照或者以上机动车驾驶证，符合以下任一要求即可：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BM0qdMG22oCEUUxCeF5cVerHnqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、持有我国B1照片并连续从事二手车评估工作4年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XsMGdqO8SowO8Gx02YucEM2anad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、获得中专学历并连续从事二手车评估工作2年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0gMdyu8OomOI4xG234c3je4nkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、获得大专以上学历并连续从事二手车评估工作1年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GEQ6doYqqoccOExuUKNc81Hsn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、获得本科及以上学历。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aao0dosAKoGYC2xEpWWccZzjnvg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f39e94125c3447b081ae34e136e003b4","width":902},"text":"","id":"RMMEdIuuwoKe8AxqAArcHf4AnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QAuedgCKioo4S8xCS3GcyMiTnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考二手车评估师需要身份证、学历证、驾驶证扫描件或复印件，要求证件信息清晰可见，无损毁、遮挡。本人电子版照片，尺寸不限，红蓝白均可；准备好以上资料传给招生老师；同时缴纳相关报名费用即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aea6d0WicoISWkxKGxbcn5pon0e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级评估师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwMQdeuAUowqmGxq4sBc8s4ZnOg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A2w6dKGEmo44iyxMDBlcj2s8nQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持有我国C1牌照或者以上机动车驾驶证，符合以下任一要求即可：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2UYdKESQocMEaxcT0hcicTan1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、持有我国A1、A2驾驶证并连续从事二手车评估工作6年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ka8AdIa02oiQomx41U9cgiVKnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作3年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyMadoKGgo400sxYvM7cwgYjnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、具备大专学历，获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作2年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SE2idQ8UsoOK20xeiX3c24sDnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、具备本科学历，获得中级二手车评估师资格证书后并连续从事二手车评估工作1年及以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SAY8dyae8oSmemxct57cIIx5nqd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":380,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/897a531fc44546f1881b9e37359fb4a2","width":551},"text":"","id":"PaGAd2OqEoGuCixYbQRc4WJZn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwScdcoWuogWSKxauVkcv6g6nSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考二手车评估师需要身份证、学历证、驾驶证扫描件或复印件，要求证件信息清晰可见，无损毁、遮挡。本人电子版照片，尺寸不限，红蓝白均可；准备好以上资料传给招生老师；同时缴纳相关报名费用即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UISSdqg4Uo2megxmgA9cOP0snCd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何备考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QggIdmuUEoSykOxqe0jci69jnch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络课程学习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaQ8dAwC4oQymkxem9JcaRBlnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在培训机构报名成功后，开始前期的网络课程学习部分和在线做题库练习以及模拟考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Em8GdieKEoQ66exEZUacRnG4nag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第一阶段：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"以学习理论知识为主，可以观看精讲课程，课程内容以理解为主，把握重要考点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkKOdOYgMoW8uUxKoSYcHmH4nnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第二阶段：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"强化重点知识，通过做题了解考点以及考查形式，结合强化冲刺视频，学完 一章做一章节的题目，做错的题需要返回课本中找到出处，强化做错的知识点，题一般重复做 3-5 次，直至完全掌握为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOIidiSA8o6GWGxQfQhcSctFngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第三阶段：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"大量做题强化阶段。考前10天开始第三阶段学习，学习以刷题为主，可做模拟试卷，可以自己计时模拟考试，全部做完题目之后再去看答案。刷题过程中注意总结做 题技巧，考前1周回归到教材，查漏补缺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OMCYdk6cOoooSIxua72cu34Fnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（培训机构官网需要个人在浏览器中查询当地的培训学校，完成学校的报名后，根据学校的安排参加课程培训，然后根据自己的掌握程度来进行备考。）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KAECdIuqwoqwyexOa8dc27tTnrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"需要学习的内容如下（书本知识）：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZUaqdeqSIo2qcGxUdkEcJ6obnCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、汽车基础知识：汽车的基本构造、车辆识别代号编码、主要零部件及工作性能、汽车的分类、常见汽车品牌的特点等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QccWd0gQ2oUYKWxvUrWcaFBdnZz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、掌握系统理论：发动机、汽车电器电控及底盘构造、汽车配件、常见汽车故障诊断、钣金喷漆、汽车维修工时费等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GciAdmMscoAC8oxrhRVc3XtsnBZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、二手车动态检查：路试（检查车辆的操控、加速、噪音、制动性能等）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MOGMd0aySoeYWux0sEMc5PqUnqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、二手车静态检查：检查电器电控设备、汽车的漆面内饰、螺丝焊接点、汽车各部件之间的缝隙等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ds6ad4kgmosseQxeUSMcz4CfnJe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场实操培训","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgYEd4KysowEu4xM9d1cRdainnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"经过前期的网络课程学习后，到校再参加实操强化培训的课程，动手鉴定评估二手车，撰写评估报告。（实际操作）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XCYYdoYq0owiKuxSmP6ciVJin2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静态检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B4iWd66GAoMCasx8xO7c7fpSnte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能根据资料核对车辆基本情况，能检查发动机技术状况，能检查底盘技术状况，能检查车身技术状况，能检查电器电子技术状况，能识别事故车辆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QI0QdkkqCoAocqxeUaEc5Oxlnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成这些需要熟练掌握机动车识伪检查方法，发动机静态检查方法，底盘静态检查方法，车身静态检查方法，电器电子静态检查方法，事故车静态检查方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIWgd6aGQoA8qSxYlzscI0A4nHg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"动态检查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqSKdI6gEoaISWxCKPHc9DKtnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能进行路试前的准备工作，能动态检查机动车性能，能进行路试后的检查工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aggqd0cKQoUomgxqOdXcWJqknyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成这些需要熟练掌握机动车制动性能检查方法，机动车动力性能检查方法，机动车操纵性能检查方法，机动车滑行性能检查方法，机动车噪声和废气检查方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8e6dUKGEoikuWxC0Z9cSCSLnjb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"综合评定","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OcQedO0Qko2YUkxoD1EcXhIunRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能分析二手车的技术状况，能提出机动车检测建议，能识读机动车综合性能检测报告。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWIedaoCCo20WWxTgurc4hq3nst"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"评估计算","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUuIdwewCokK6qxw1JecVEMknff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能用重置成本法评估二手车价值，能用现行市价法评估二手车价值，能用收益现值法评估二手车价值，能用清算价格法评估二手车价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMKwdWQusoCMmGx8bvEcRI8knZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成这些需要熟练掌握重置成本法的计算模型和估算方法，二手车贬值及其估算，成新率确定方法，现行市价法的'评估流程和计算方法，收益现值法的评估流程和计算方法，清算价格法的基本方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ps4WdEcMyoA60WxgFiHc8s4gndg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鉴定评估报告","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JmO6dO6gAogQUgx2nXUcZu4Enef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能与委托方交流，确认鉴定评估结论，能编写二手车鉴定评估报告，能归档二手车鉴定评估报告。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ua2Od8a0eoS0Cexuipccj61Vnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二手车评估师不仅要会看车还要会收车卖车，所以还需要掌握二手车交易过户流程，包括合适车辆、车主的真实身份信息和车辆来源，保险过户、贷款抵押等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X8gwdeo0Qo2ciCxqIZLcyddGnMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"希望以上的内容可以帮大家清楚的了解到二手车评估师的具体考试内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XgYEdmA4Yo0og2xc7ngcx8DCnxg"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
4. ab变频器报f013
围棋起源于中国，中国古代称为“弈”，距今已有4000多年的历史。围棋使用矩形格状棋盘及黑白二色圆形棋子进行对弈，棋子必须走在空格非禁着点的交叉点上，双方交替行棋，落子后不能移动或悔棋，以目数多者为胜。
围棋组成
棋盘
围棋盘是方形的，由纵横各19条线组成。19╳19形成了361个交叉点。上有九个星，最中间的称“天元”，“元”是第一的意思，“天元”意为天空最高点。
棋子
围棋的棋子分为黑白两色，黑子181枚，白子180枚，黑白子加起来是361枚，恰好和棋盘的点数相同。
围棋规则
对局双方各执一色棋子，空枰开局，黑先白后，交替着一子于棋盘的点上。棋子下定后，不再向其他点移动。轮流下子是双方的权利，但允许任何一方放弃下子权而使用虚着。
一个棋子在棋盘上，与它直线紧邻的空点是这个棋子的“气“”。直线紧邻的点上如果有同色棋子存在，这些棋子就相互连接成一个不可分割的整体。直线紧邻的点上如果有异色棋子存在，此处的气便不存在。棋子如失去所有的气，就不能在棋盘上存在。
把无气之子清理出棋盘的手段叫提子。提子有二种：下子后，对方棋子无气，应立即提取对方无气之子。下子后，双方棋子都呈无气状态，应立即提取对方无气之子。
棋盘上的任何一点,如某方下子后，该子立即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子。这个点叫做“禁着点”。
棋局下到双方一致确认着子完毕时，为终局。对局中有一方中途认输时，为终局。双方连续使用虚着，为终局。
终局时，经双方确认，不能被提取的棋都是活棋。终局时，经双方确认，能被提取的棋都是死棋。
围棋术语
围棋术语是在围棋中用来表达某些特定概念和词语的称谓，它囊括了围棋的专用名词、理论知识以及竞赛规则和对局经验的许多内容，既是中国围棋文化千百年来不断发展的产物，也是人们学习围棋应该掌握的基本常识。
基本概念
气
在棋盘上，棋子与它直线紧紧相邻的空交叉点，就是这个棋子的“气”。单独一个棋子的气数不超过四气，但两个或两个以上相连的棋子则可以有四气以上。棋子若失去所有的气，就成为死棋，不能在棋盘上存在。
目
棋盘上，被一方棋子所围地域的空交叉点，称之为“目”。一个交叉点即是1目，目的数量称为“目数”。
空
用棋子围成的地域。
地
（1）即地域或空。指已为某方占有的地区。
（2）形势判断用语。如“黑地六十目”，即指黑方可望在全局围有六十目的地域。
（3）指占有子和“空”的总和。即棋子围有的全部交叉点。
所包围的目数和活棋本身之总和，称为“地”。
提子
将对方无气的棋子从棋盘上取下，称为“提子”。
打劫
双方可以轮流提取对方棋子的情况。围棋规则规定，打劫时，被提取的一方不能直接提回，必须在其他地方找劫材使对方应一手之后方可提回。
真眼
由几个连接在一起的棋子围住一个或两个空交叉点，则称该点为真眼，简称“眼”。
假眼
由几个没有完全连接的棋子围成了眼的形状，称为“假眼” 。在一定条件下，围成假眼的棋子会被对方吃掉。
活棋
棋盘上凡是对方无法提取的棋即是活棋。活棋通常要具备两只真眼。
死棋
棋盘上迟早能被对方提取的棋，即为死棋。死棋不具有两只真眼。
双活
双方互围的棋子均无两只真眼，但又不能制杀对方时即为“双活”，也称“公活”。
禁着点
棋盘任一点，一方下子后，该棋子即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子，这个点就称为该方的“禁着点”。一方不能下子的禁着点，对方可以下子。
布局
布局是一盘棋的先导，也是双方进行阵容部署、各自抢占要点，为双方接触作战作准备的阶段。
定式
是指布局阶段双方在角部的争夺中，按照一定的行棋次序，选择比较合理的着法，最终形成双方大体安定、利益大体均等的棋本棋形。定式的种类有星定式、小目定式、三三定式、目外定式、高目定式等。
中盘
指双方在布局之后从短兵相接开始进行的全局性作战阶段。
收官
中盘作战基本结束，双方所占地域已经大致确定，进而使双方属地完全明确的一系列着法。
星
在棋盘坐标4·四的位置和棋盘正中央标有九个小圆点，术语称为“星”。这九颗星，将棋盘大致划分为左上角、右上角、左下角、右下角、上边、下边、左边、右边和中腹九个区域。
角
指棋盘四个角部星位内侧的区域。
边
指棋盘四个边星两侧的区域。
天元
棋盘正中央的一颗星称作“天元”。
小目
棋盘坐标3·四位置称作“小目”。
高目
棋盘坐标4·五的位置称作“高目”。
目外
棋盘坐标3·五的位置称作“目外”。
三三
棋盘坐标3·三的位置称为“三三”。
急所
指对局时，急需抢占的要点之处，无固定位置。
大场
指布局时，棋盘上下子后能够开拆或分投之处。
天王山
"天王山"一词是指在布局阶段，双方大势力的消涨要点，表示盘面中双方都应抢占的重要的位置。
俗称
挂
布局时在一方有一子占据角部时，另一方在其附近间隔一路或二路的位置行棋，称作“挂”。在三线行棋，称为低挂，在四线行棋，称为高挂。根据双方棋子的相对位置，又可分为一间高挂、二间高挂、一间低挂、二间低挂和小飞挂、大飞挂等。挂的目的在于破坏或侵占对方所占的角部。
缔
也称为“缔角”或“守角”。指在己方原有小目、高目或目外一子的基础上，再下一着棋，使己方两个子相互配合守角的着法。缔角既有利于围占角地，又可进一步控制和开拓边上的大场，是布局阶段常采用的着法。
长
双方棋子紧贴着向同一方向行棋，先行的一方，棋子会始终高出对方一头。长的着法能将己方的棋子连接成一个整体，这样可以延长棋子的气，既可以防止对方的攻击，又便于伺机攻击对方。
立
紧靠着己方原有的棋子，竖着向边线方向下一子的着法。通常多指在二线或三线的行棋。
尖
在原有棋子的斜线上下一子。由于尖的步子较小，也称其为“小尖”。在实战中，尖是一种攻守兼备的下法，既能够保持两子间的连络，又能够出头，控制行棋的方向。
飞
从原有棋子出发，向棋盘“日”字形的对角上下一子，叫小飞。若下在 “目”字形的对角上，就叫做大飞。飞还有一种形式，叫做象步飞。与象棋的象步走法相同。
压
在己方有子力配合的情况下，将棋下在对方棋子的上面，其主要作用是压制对方，扩张自己的外势、使己方的棋更加厚实，强大。压的着法往往还有声东击西的作用。
拆
从原有棋子的同一横线上，向左或向右有间隔地下一子。如果间隔一路，称为“拆一”，若是间隔二路，则称 “拆二”，其余类推。
挡
在双方棋子相互接触时，直接阻拦对方侵入己方地域或阻止对方被围的棋子向外冲出的着法。
碰
在无己方棋子接应时，紧靠着对方的棋子旁边下一子，称为碰。通常是用于试探对方怎样应对，追求变化的一种手段。
靠
在有己方棋子作策应的情况下，紧贴对方棋子旁边下一子。
搭
在己方棋子与对方棋子间隔一路的情况下，紧贴对方棋子的两侧下一子的着法。也称作“搭靠”。
接
将可能被对方分断的棋子连接成一体的着法。
粘
（zhān）指将被对方“打吃”的棋子与己方的其它棋子连接成一个整体的着法。
挖
在对方相隔一路的棋子中间下一子的着法。这种着法通常用在能够分断对方棋子，并能有效地攻击对方的场合下。
夹
将对方棋子夹在我方两子中间的着法。
滚
也称滚打。指由己方先弃一、二子，然后把敌子打吃成凝聚形状的着法过程。
打
也称打吃。在对方棋子只有两口气时，再下一子，使其仅剩一口气的状态。
双打
下一子同时打吃对方两边的棋子，形成两者必得其一的着法。
提
下一子，使对方的棋子立即呈现无气被吃状态，随即把被吃的死棋从棋盘上提取掉。
征
也称做“征子”，是围棋中吃棋子的一种方法，俗称“拐羊头”。被“征吃”一方的棋子因只有一口气，如若没有己方棋子接应，即使立即逃出，对方可按预定的行棋次序继续紧气追杀，最终会将其全部吃掉。
卡
（qiǎ）在对方棋形的要害处下一子，使其立即呈现某种缺陷的有效着法。
掖
紧挨着对方成“尖”形的两个子旁边下一子，具有约束对方棋形或使对方棋形出现断点或缺陷的着法。
曲
将棋背向对方的棋子走成弯曲的形状，称为“曲”。
玉柱
在角部或边上原有一子的基础上再下立一子的着法。用于加强己方的形势或稳固己方地域。
尖顶
紧靠对方的棋子下一子，在使己方棋子成“尖”形的同时，起到顶撞对方棋子的作用。
鼻顶
在对方棋形正前方顶住对方若干棋子的着法。
连
下一子，将两处分开的棋子若即若离地取得联络，以保证大块棋子安全的着法。连的常用着法有跳、关、拆、小飞、大飞、大跳等。
基本杀法
中局战略
对对方的弱棋，特别是失去很据与其已成活的棋子没有联络的孤棋进行攻击，是中盘战中争取主动的重要手段。
遇到对方出现孤棋，一定抓住机会进行攻击，争取吃掉对方以获取对局中的最大效率。这样往往会引起激烈的战斗，要经常审视围杀中自己出现的问题，否则非但歼敌不成反会断送自己。 在攻击中完全歼灭对方一片棋的情况是不多的，多是通过攻击获得其他好处，其中之一即是扩展自己的领地，巩固己之本来不稳固的领地，也通过攻孤棋来达到目的。 通过连续攻击压迫敌棋边角，也加强自己的外势，但要分析、计算好，在什么形势下有利,什么形势下不利。
从发展来看，治理孤棋首先考虑的是向中央出头。不能出头，被封住往往是吃亏的，除非逃不出时才行此下策。
当遇到攻击，无法向中央出头时，有机会、有条件时可以联络到自己另一块棋上去。
如出头和渡过均不可能时只得就地求活，如单独活不成，则争取双活，如果双活亦不成时，应停止这一带的活动，停止得越早越好。
缩小眼
从周围挤压对方的棋的生存空间，使它不能有做成两只真眼的空间。
点中心点
对方有一个中心点是做眼的要点，一旦被对手抢先，就能做出两个或两个以上的真眼。比如直三、弯三、刀把五、梅花六，这些棋形的中心点就是杀棋的要点。
打劫杀
在不能净杀的情况下，可以通过打劫来杀死对方，职业棋手往往擅长利用劫争一举获得优势。所以有时双方棋形的厚薄，劫材的多少，也是一盘棋的胜负关键，往往多一枚劫材就决定了大盘的胜负。
胀死牛
将对方点眼的棋子的外气全部紧完，在对方虎口里走一子，然后打吃对方，使对方不能连，将其胀死，称为“胀死牛”。
布局常识
布局指围棋的开局走法，一般在几手到几十手的范围内。局棋的进行一般由布局、中盘、官子三个阶段构成，布局作为一局棋的初始阶段，奠定了整个棋局的骨架与脉络。对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。围棋有谚语“金龟银边莫肚皮”即以国突效率而言魚上最高、中腹最差。
围棋基本布局
三连星
即在边上星位连下三颗子，这一布局极易成大模样。对于另一方来说，必须有“钻地道"和"拆天桥”的能力，否则必败无疑。 由于三个子都处在第四线上，故这种布局的侧重点不是占角，而是向中央发展。三连星的用意在于取势或构成模样，中央是它的主要战场，这是三连星的特征。
二连星
较之三连星，二连星更为灵活多变，速度也快，并可视局部变化取地或取势，而不像三连星那样很容易就走上单一取势的道路。
中国流
它的外形与三连星相似，如果把它放平了看，有一种“桥”的感觉，因此在中国也叫做桥梁式布局。
相小目
黑1、3子占相邻的两个角，同以小目的四线一方指向白棋，称为“相小目”。其特点是把着眼点集中在一方。
星小目
黑1、3用星和小目占相邻两角，称为“星小目”
对战心态
修身养性，切忌浮躁
棋手实战时觉得局面都已占优，注意力不集中的情况下出现昏招，形势顿时翻盘。接下来绝大多数棋手会立即要求再来一盘以求“报仇”，但是接下来的对局心态已失去了平常心，于是连下连败以致一败涂地。
具备谋略心机
谋略是为创造有利条件而实行的全盘性行动的计划和策略，也就是创造致胜条件。这需要长期的对弈、总结、打谱的积累。
1、真正的进攻就要有收获，就要使局面朝着有利于自己的方向发展，这叫做攻有所获。
2、单纯的防守不好，具有反击的防守才真正具有威力，这叫做守中有攻。
3、在面对可能出现两种有利局面的时候，选择最大程度有利于自己取得胜利的局面。在面对可能出现两种不利局面的时候，选择最小程度不利于自己的局面。
4、寻找出进攻的机会和线路，熟练地运用各种技战术，使局面朝理想方向发展，这叫做捕捉战机。
5、中局作战过程中，要时常对当前局面有清醒地认识，该攻则攻 ，当守则守，进攻的线路，防守的要点，都在审局度势的范围之中。
6、多算胜，少算不胜。
工具推荐
书籍
1、《围棋入门一月通》 邱百瑞·著
2、《围棋入门（修订版）》翟燕生，徐莹主编
3、《围棋入门（围棋自学速成宝典）》李烨·著
软件
星阵围棋
星阵围棋是行业内知名的AI围棋对弈平台，曾与世界围棋冠军柯洁对战,并多次获得世界围棋AI大赛冠军。目前星阵围棋已推出手机端软件、iPad软件, 也可以使用电脑网页版。
弈城围棋
弈城围棋网成立于2005年，是老牌知名围棋平台，主要功能有：各大围棋赛事现场直播、职业棋手全程讲解、Al分析、Leela Master. Leela Zero、Elfgo、 Minigo全程为棋迷提供对弈分析，查看实时胜率，Al复盘，随时邀请各国棋迷在线对弈。
忘忧围棋
忘忧围棋是一款专门针对手机用户而自主研发的人工智能人机对弈围棋游戏， 拥有较强的棋力并附带近七万局名手对局棋谱，是世上最完善的棋谱库。同时忘忧围棋还提供围棋比赛直播功能，可以观看职业棋手比赛的现场直播。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋起源于中国，中国古代称为“弈”，距今已有4000多年的历史。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"围棋使用矩形格状棋盘及黑白二色圆形棋子进行对弈，棋子必须走在空格非禁着点的交叉点上，双方交替行棋，落子后不能移动或悔棋，以目数多者为胜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkKAsYYYAIQOCaOQVBu3e7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋组成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22yWEoSk2u0EARXnbuqdhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6is28QqW2cIigHbsXMrzff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":585,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b84c3fb5cb444ece9ed51961caea279d","width":587},"text":"","id":"doxcn0yq0aIgAAgu8s98rORsGIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋盘是方形的，由纵横各19条线组成。19╳19形成了361个交叉点。上有九个星，最中间的称“天元”，“元”是第一的意思，“天元”意为天空最高点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnogcmeCOGCeiiKOD16az2nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyua6cUyUsysWi4eOlOQZrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":633,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"棋子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f01e55bf9ee040f99371e73059ab709b","width":777},"text":"","id":"doxcneMEg8AqCyS8coJQUi56znh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋的棋子分为黑白两色，黑子181枚，白子180枚，黑白子加起来是361枚，恰好和棋盘的点数相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSIe06U4aaKSGGgBmDDrMLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋规则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIaSMmYcESQ4oVuCCSCffe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对局双方各执一色棋子，空枰开局，黑先白后，交替着一子于棋盘的点上。棋子下定后，不再向其他点移动。轮流下子是双方的权利，但允许任何一方放弃下子权而使用虚着。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyKSCsMAUiIgy0exb1eFT4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个棋子在棋盘上，与它直线紧邻的空点是这个棋子的“气“”。直线紧邻的点上如果有同色棋子存在，这些棋子就相互连接成一个不可分割的整体。直线紧邻的点上如果有异色棋子存在，此处的气便不存在。棋子如失去所有的气，就不能在棋盘上存在。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6waWKMOUgGYUUZiV8Uz5Ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"把无气之子清理出棋盘的手段叫提子。提子有二种：下子后，对方棋子无气，应立即提取对方无气之子。下子后，双方棋子都呈无气状态，应立即提取对方无气之子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8C2iaAyeAOO6WSedhU3plh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上的任何一点,如某方下子后，该子立即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子。这个点叫做“禁着点”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKIosCiqW80kcQnYVC6K1Tb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋局下到双方一致确认着子完毕时，为终局。对局中有一方中途认输时，为终局。双方连续使用虚着，为终局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsUiEmoGWwEwKaGiQY3mVqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"终局时，经双方确认，不能被提取的棋都是活棋。终局时，经双方确认，能被提取的棋都是死棋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQ4ciUOumAUiiMuJDsS6yb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋术语","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6A88eAIcI8cQvYVpTjk6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋术语是在围棋中用来表达某些特定概念和词语的称谓，它囊括了围棋的专用名词、理论知识以及竞赛规则和对局经验的许多内容，既是中国围棋文化千百年来不断发展的产物，也是人们学习围棋应该掌握的基本常识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmEaiCs2yS2yMwhGdUtBCDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmCISIGY4YK4M87y1rhXExe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsE84yay6WUWAIYeAn5G0fb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在棋盘上，棋子与它直线紧紧相邻的空交叉点，就是这个棋子的“气”。单独一个棋子的气数不超过四气，但两个或两个以上相连的棋子则可以有四气以上。棋子若失去所有的气，就成为死棋，不能在棋盘上存在。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiCoCis4ic6oAZhoM73WFf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":348,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fc2d4ef8756e48ca987a4fd073bd493c","width":617},"text":"","id":"doxcngA4OoKa6MWQ86mdwYYFUxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4gQMaGWEOeg2n7xVfyhse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上，被一方棋子所围地域的空交叉点，称之为“目”。一个交叉点即是1目，目的数量称为“目数”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMkW264GEoOCWqeQo5vdKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb34c20359404727a3c2e62bf1aeeb5f","width":298},"text":"","id":"doxcnOGEmEMoWe6Ge2yL7OUxykb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"空","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWcSy06SQwYyeGERyFcbM0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用棋子围成的地域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEC8Oca0oCSSYklbbtTCeKg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce14fd87770645ef8ce7913e47570785","width":842},"text":"","id":"doxcn8CQQ60cEcAIoewuGkdewVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"地","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOgwmiewkG8wO8OqWPfxFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）即地域或空。指已为某方占有的地区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnayGYsOaaASciY3bWiYfUpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）形势判断用语。如“黑地六十目”，即指黑方可望在全局围有六十目的地域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuO04YcqkkwMWiGYUWScyih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）指占有子和“空”的总和。即棋子围有的全部交叉点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2QsE0686WycSm3s6h4kze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所包围的目数和活棋本身之总和，称为“地”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqgoi6cWomAIkT6HS5dmHc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b7f3874e83b43ce959fb81022f99325","width":684},"text":"","id":"doxcnYOo4O8iC0owO2L5AZzRp5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"提子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneyi4iGYkQ0YqOw9rerucrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将对方无气的棋子从棋盘上取下，称为“提子”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCYeIi22Ge2WO67HeokUle"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":635,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1e5f25912b754de295e22f46d2f3c6d2","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnCwYyIkACkSm62njquwFhJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"打劫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUGSI4UAmyIMmUmG3RsPrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双方可以轮流提取对方棋子的情况。围棋规则规定，打劫时，被提取的一方不能直接提回，必须在其他地方找劫材使对方应一手之后方可提回。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mUSCMwI2qyA6ZqBrzZOrc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2bd114a713e1461c88706f73df2399b8","width":301},"text":"","id":"doxcnq6MiKAogQywI8rP2YyURxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"真眼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKoc6kiwA6MK8Tr55t1Hif"},{"type":"paragraph","chil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在攻击中完全歼灭对方一片棋的情况是不多的，多是通过攻击获得其他好处，其中之一即是扩展自己的领地，巩固己之本来不稳固的领地，也通过攻孤棋来达到目的。 通过连续攻击压迫敌棋边角，也加强自己的外势，但要分析、计算好，在什么形势下有利,什么形势下不利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsOG4wK2KyEuQ3zxUqbS8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从发展来看，治理孤棋首先考虑的是向中央出头。不能出头，被封住往往是吃亏的，除非逃不出时才行此下策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIwcAOM2cO6wucALeRD7Og"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当遇到攻击，无法向中央出头时，有机会、有条件时可以联络到自己另一块棋上去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ag8IAmE4eUQGCP5JeRkYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如出头和渡过均不可能时只得就地求活，如单独活不成，则争取双活，如果双活亦不成时，应停止这一带的活动，停止得越早越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniISGEy4qwS4uGBg5Lg6Tob"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中局战略","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/99573fb416a5423e886c956d61c08bb8","width":685},"text":"","id":"doxcnYCICEWCqGG6CYt9QqBHBAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缩小眼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk8ySMgGSs4C2HlEQk8qFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从周围挤压对方的棋的生存空间，使它不能有做成两只真眼的空间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngwu44G8kkgEyi21WKFtqXg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":407,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"缩小眼","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4db50b42ae1a4afe90a5fc57cd99861f","width":747},"text":"","id":"doxcngUGGcQaKieMwO2zBSJtBMd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"点中心点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCAcmegQiW0UCejTephuxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对方有一个中心点是做眼的要点，一旦被对手抢先，就能做出两个或两个以上的真眼。比如直三、弯三、刀把五、梅花六，这些棋形的中心点就是杀棋的要点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngsQkMKUaIckWGOU6E2bnhc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"点中心点","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/324dcc252b194e1884e24356144b0846","width":383},"text":"","id":"doxcnYuWcioQwGqGoiYLSRPE3ac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"打劫杀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0UUEuM6yEgI0nQaXLEAzy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在不能净杀的情况下，可以通过打劫来杀死对方，职业棋手往往擅长利用劫争一举获得优势。所以有时双方棋形的厚薄，劫材的多少，也是一盘棋的胜负关键，往往多一枚劫材就决定了大盘的胜负。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGmcK0maaQaaA3tL3gXRIb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"打劫杀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f3a8afe070e64febaf2cc2ffe57cce73","width":319},"text":"","id":"doxcnUqqmeemwia0sN7kKYLatrH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胀死牛","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOumUaoYIYOQq4GAZov7Ofb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将对方点眼的棋子的外气全部紧完，在对方虎口里走一子，然后打吃对方，使对方不能连，将其胀死，称为“胀死牛”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCKcMCsgci0mEOyCtKdDKAh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胀死牛","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/664e00b06574407380b4551412ce31f4","width":474},"text":"","id":"doxcn62iQCq62MOUYwrjJIBTGzf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"布局常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKUaiGss6AiAW8RvnzxmJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"布局指围棋的开局走法，一般在几手到几十手的范围内。局棋的进行一般由布局、中盘、官子三个阶段构成，布局作为一局棋的初始阶段，奠定了整个棋局的骨架与脉络。对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。围棋有谚语“金龟银边莫肚皮”即以国突效率而言魚上最高、中腹最差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuO4uMY4qsI4C6B1lNnN84c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋基本布局 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOesCUmmaKkmgXvTDlcmFg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三连星","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMW6aCiAeayWw44RLYO0FHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即在边上星位连下三颗子，这一布局极易成大模样。对于另一方来说，必须有“钻地道\"和\"拆天桥”的能力，否则必败无疑。 由于三个子都处在第四线上，故这种布局的侧重点不是占角，而是向中央发展。三连星的用意在于取势或构成模样，中央是它的主要战场，这是三连星的特征。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2aOYq0k4Y68AyM1U6DKYoe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":496,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三连星","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6b5d10c42ce64f8bbb0827727dff8d2e","width":530},"text":"","id":"doxcnSC2MiGak46eocnQEicDFuh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二连星","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4MgMqogI2GwgVGVqS2wsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"较之三连星，二连星更为灵活多变，速度也快，并可视局部变化取地或取势，而不像三连星那样很容易就走上单一取势的道路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYiSyieaMQKsovJKOhesOgK"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":537,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"二连星","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2736b097837a4d22bd444b46a56b9194","width":561},"text":"","id":"doxcn8qASQ80YGysWyWChdgTJCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国流","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUWo2M806EEiqyLYO7E4zx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它的外形与三连星相似，如果把它放平了看，有一种“桥”的感觉，因此在中国也叫做桥梁式布局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMmagius6WaIzgLUy2xymI"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中国流","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb8a68c8ff56486e9061c0f993d249a3","width":580},"text":"","id":"doxcnmqQqQceSgkkAo7MimsSr6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"相小目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIq2M4y2kQC8ucslCtq0zh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"黑1、3子占相邻的两个角，同以小目的四线一方指向白棋，称为“相小目”。其特点是把着眼点集中在一方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIiyWmk2UG2Ew8p4Gpuc60f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":498,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"相小目","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2d780642d3c34e209541d8dcb9c31f9c","width":584},"text":"","id":"doxcn0u24CiGOgEcMk1rkA8sIjc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"星小目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyYE28YM6cgICGKWBn0fLac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"黑1、3用星和小目占相邻两角，称为“星小目”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyWsEoKsICAYU6jEL0Ufrqd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":547,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"星小目","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0c2c346389184b2f9867c93d9362ad39","width":568},"text":"","id":"doxcnkGQeU6Iey80GKEAmw6o3Jb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对战心态","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqqk6AuuEqmoio3C8o0LId"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"修身养性，切忌浮躁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOEymm0oiWYMgWkjekxeqhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋手实战时觉得局面都已占优，注意力不集中的情况下出现昏招，形势顿时翻盘。接下来绝大多数棋手会立即要求再来一盘以求“报仇”，但是接下来的对局心态已失去了平常心，于是连下连败以致一败涂地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOaw4MCYW20sEv1TEfhjWmG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"具备谋略心机","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6iKwmeI006iAsJPAdNgHoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"谋略是为创造有利条件而实行的全盘性行动的计划和策略，也就是创造致胜条件。这需要长期的对弈、总结、打谱的积累。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmG8UK408cGWyW8RPUErdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、真正的进攻就要有收获，就要使局面朝着有利于自己的方向发展，这叫做攻有所获。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oEECKQm2iggEn8qlkJPpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、单纯的防守不好，具有反击的防守才真正具有威力，这叫做守中有攻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4WaEqA28IYoqk9sKLehUqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在面对可能出现两种有利局面的时候，选择最大程度有利于自己取得胜利的局面。在面对可能出现两种不利局面的时候，选择最小程度不利于自己的局面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWWkogwikM4GOum3U7IZorf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、寻找出进攻的机会和线路，熟练地运用各种技战术，使局面朝理想方向发展，这叫做捕捉战机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna0ccwsKkwCc4MpwkLEdFWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、中局作战过程中，要时常对当前局面有清醒地认识，该攻则攻 ，当守则守，进攻的线路，防守的要点，都在审局度势的范围之中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwyS444OQqmOMjMFQIF6ac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、多算胜，少算不胜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyMc86AawemMOSYYnLv3pod"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UoQEi2SaMkMkbMQqB5eFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ8A0o0CwC6IyY3IodkYv4J"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《围棋入门一月通》 邱百瑞·著","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6IOKCkAwQ6EKQqY5H0rNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":811,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f570a45b665248c1ac82961f2033c981","width":639},"text":"","id":"doxcnqYaWuqIS8UoskjOqprqOid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、《围棋入门（修订版）》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"翟燕生","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，徐莹主编","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4GmCK44Oe8SOw1x3krWLAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":495,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c7c99ebf5c44253b3040f31a61736a3","width":334},"text":"","id":"doxcnyUGe8SKwEu0Ug3ieiFuy6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、《围棋入门（围棋自学速成宝典）》李烨·著","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn26WueiyeCykOIJlDR0AqGh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":692,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d162b76a9784cc68de36715b4eeeda6","width":534},"text":"","id":"doxcn0mEyOMOM0Guic9gH53Evle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"软件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwawuoOWammUo6ZTUDwQv8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"星阵围棋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnie2KkkOYgiwuOGeCVMwvyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"星阵围棋是行业内知名的AI围棋对弈平台，曾与世界围棋冠军柯洁对战,并多次获得世界围棋AI大赛冠军。目前星阵围棋已推出手机端软件、iPad软件, 也可以使用电脑网页版。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWmUQyOMwowmwScTNWDaiC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"弈城围棋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00Qu8MMI6wMgwPKeLzbjac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弈城围棋网成立于2005年，是老牌知名围棋平台，主要功能有：各大围棋赛事现场直播、职业棋手全程讲解、Al分析、Leela Master. Leela Zero、Elfgo、 Minigo全程为棋迷提供对弈分析，查看实时胜率，Al复盘，随时邀请各国棋迷在线对弈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaIY4kWkYqWQaqM1xK1HHgb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"忘忧围棋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEo0WWqYI4S46K6uML3OESc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"忘忧围棋是一款专门针对手机用户而自主研发的人工智能人机对弈围棋游戏， 拥有较强的棋力并附带近七万局名手对局棋谱，是世上最完善的棋谱库。同时忘忧围棋还提供围棋比赛直播功能，可以观看职业棋手比赛的现场直播。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna6CwQIG22u28GFHJPOI4Z6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGeKK0sUooA4MALq0CIJHTf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E5. ab变频器故障代码大全F012
AB1305变频器故障代码显示902
1、故障代表：运算错误
2、故障原因：【电机类型】设置为“同步点“和[停止]设置为“直流模式刹车”。
3、故障处理方法:改变这些参数。直流制动不能使用用同步电机等。
6. ab变频器报警f071什么意思
ab变频器故障代码显示20是预充电故障，存在以下原因:
1、可能充电电容有问题。
2、或者是检测预充电电压电路有问题。
3、若是存放一年以上的变频器，在使用前，必须预充电，否则就会烧坏电路板或报警。
4、检查进线电源电压有无问题。是否电源电压太低，或者电源缺相。
5、检查参数P071的设置是否正确。
6、建议检查直流电压p006有没有电压显示，显示值是否正常。