1. 颗粒取样器
1、仪器应存放在干燥、通风、防晒的地方。
2、内置电池应及时充电，否则会影响仪器采样的效果和电池的使用性能，甚至会造成仪器过放电损坏，设备的标准充电时间一般为16小时左右。
3、采样结束清洗传感器时，面板上颗粒物接嘴应悬空，应抽入干净的空气，清洗时间不得低于3分钟。
4、仪器应置于避阳处，如遇高温地面或潮湿地面，尽可能使用隔热、隔湿材料垫铺，以免影响仪器使用效果。
5、仪器需要在防静电、无干扰、无强静电环境中使用,使用时应与周围的金属物体应绝缘。
6、该采样器长时间不用时，要用胶管套好进出气嘴，以避免灰尘进入；同时应将电源充足电保存，并定期进行维护性。
7、本产品如果长时间闲置不用时应每个月通电一次，时间不小于4小时。
8、该仪器采样条件一般比较恶劣，可能回遇到高温、寒冷、潮湿等环境，在此种条件下，一定要注意人身安全和仪器的安全使用。
9、颗粒物采样器的寿命受使用时间和采样时尘过滤效果的影响，使用一段时间注意检查其采样流量，使泵抽气量不足时需维修或直接更换烟气泵；测量时必须加装气水分离器，当滤芯变黑时，需更换。
2. 颗粒物采样方法
能悬浮在空气中，空气动力学当量直径≤100微米的颗粒物。
记作TSP,是大气质量评价中的一个通用的重要污染指标。总悬浮颗粒物的浓度以每立方米空气中总悬浮颗粒物的毫克数表示，用标准大容量颗粒采样器在采样效率接近100%滤膜上采集已知体积的颗粒物，恒温恒湿条件下，称量采样前后采样膜质量来确定采集到的颗粒物质量，再除以采样体积，得到颗粒物的质量浓度。
3. 颗粒物采样器切割头
采样口位置应符合下列要求
（一）对于手工间断采样，其采样口离地面的高度应在1.5 ～15米范围内；
（二）对于自动监测，其采样口或监测光束离地面的高度应在3 ～15米范围内；
（三）针对道路交通的污染监控点，其采样口离地面的高度应在2 ～5米范围内；
（四）在保证监测点具有空间代表性的前提下，若所选点位周围半径300～500米范围内建筑物平均高度在20米以上，无法按满足（一）、（二）条的高度要求设置时，其采样口高度可以在15～25米范围内选取；
（五）在建筑物上安装监测仪器时，监测仪器的采样口离建筑物墙壁、屋顶等支撑物表面的距离应大于1米；
（六）使用开放光程监测仪器进行空气质量监测时，在监测光束能完全通过的情况下，允许监测光束从日平均机动车流量少于10,000辆的道路上空、对监测结果影响不大的小污染源和少量未达到间隔距离要求的树木或建筑物上空穿过，穿过的合计距离，不能超过监测光束总光程长度的10%；
（七）当某监测点需设置多个采样口时，为防止其他采样口干扰颗粒物样品的采集，颗粒物采样口与其他采样口之间的直线距离应大于1米。若使用大流量总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）采样装置进行并行监测，其他采样口与颗粒物采样口的直线距离应大于2米；
（八）对于空气质量评价点，应避免车辆尾气或其他污染源直接对监测结果产生干扰，点式仪器采样口与道路之间小间隔距离应按下表的要求确定：
（九）污染监控点的具体设置原则根据监测目的由地方环境保护行政主管部门确定。针对道路交通的污染监控点，采样口距道路边缘距离不得超过20米；
（十）开放光程监测仪器的监测光程长度的测绘误差应在±3米内（当监测光程长度小于200米时，光程长度的测绘误差应小于实际光程的±1.5%）；
（十一）开放光程监测仪器发射端到接收端之间的监测光束仰角不应超过15°。
4. 颗粒取样方法
取样有两种方式：一种是从物料表面随便取得样品，一般代表性较差；还有一种是用专用取样器做为取样工具来取样，这种取样的方法就是取样器取样法；在网上可搜索：取样器，如果是原物料取样，如粉末颗粒，可搜索：粉末取样器，的，制药行业的可搜索：药品取样器，做硅粉加工的，可搜索：硅粉取样器；等等；
5. 固体颗粒取样器
需要送检。
1、生产级配碎石用原材料质量应满足设计要求，并符合下列规定：
（1）粒径大于1.7mm颗粒的洛杉矶磨耗率应不大于30%，硫酸钠溶液浸泡损失率应不大于6%；
（2）粒径小于0.5mm的细颗粒的液限应不大于25%,塑性指数应小于6。 施工单位每一料场抽样检验洛杉矶磨耗率、硫酸钠溶液浸泡损失率、液限和塑性指数2次。
2、基床表层级配碎石应符合设计要求及下列要求：
（1）级配碎石材料由开山块石、天然卵石或砂砾石经破碎筛选而成。
（2）级配碎石颗粒级配不均匀系数Cu不得小于15，0.02mm以下颗粒质量百分率不得大于3%，大于22.4mm的粗颗粒中带有破碎面的颗粒所占的质量百分率不应小于30%，不得含有黏土及其它杂质。
施工单位在级配碎石生产期间，每工班抽样检验1次粒径级配、黏土及其他杂质含量、大于22.4mm的粗颗粒中带有破碎面的颗粒含量。
3、路陵升清基过渡段级配碎石应符合设计要求及下列要求：
路基过渡段级配碎石填料粒径、级配及质量应符合设计要求。碎笑困石颗粒中针状和片状碎石含量不大于20%；质软和易破碎的碎石含量不得超过10%。
施工单位每工班抽样检验1次颗粒级配、针状和片状碎石含量、质软和易破碎的碎石含量。
4、级配碎石出场前应进行尺前最大干密度试验。
施工单位每5000 m检验1次，当级配碎石材质发生变化或更换石场时应重新进行检验。
6. 颗粒取样器 qf-k
PS一般指Adobe Photoshop，是由Adobe Systems开发和发行的图像处理软件。修图也即修改图片，将图片进行一定的处理，修调，从而达到需要的效果。
了解界面
菜单栏
顶部区域是菜单栏，将Photoshop所有的操作分为九类，除了【帮助】选项，共九项菜单。如编辑、图像、图层、滤镜。
工具属性栏
蓝色部分称为工具属性栏，左侧工具栏中的每个工具选项都对应不同的工具属性(如下图)，所以选择不同的工具或选择不同的对象时出现的选项也不同。
工具栏
红色区域中的竖长条称为工具栏，也称为工具箱。对图像的修饰以及绘图等工具，都从这里调用。几乎每种工具都有相应的键盘快捷键。
浮动面板
PS的的右上方是浮动面板区域。浮动面板是Photoshop中非常重要的辅助工具，它为图形图像处理提供了各种各样的辅助功能。每个浮动面板都可以用鼠标进行拖拽随意放置符合你工作惯性的地方。
标题栏
标题栏显示的是对工作区命名。
状态栏
包含四个部分，分别为：图像显示比例、文件大小、浮动菜单按钮及工具提示栏。
图层工具栏
包含：图层关联、图层样式、蒙版、滤镜、图层组、图层、删除图层，这7大功能。
工作区
Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。
工作区灰色的区域称为工作区，用来显示制作中的图像。Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。
小窍门
具体每一个工具的名称，只要把鼠标移动到该工具上，旁边就会出现工具名称。
修图方法
使用多个图层
在工作中尽可能地使用多个图层，图层的作用，就是为了方便后期更改，否则Photoshop后期的修图和合成很难一次成型，为了让作品更完美，创作过程中会反复修改，因而最好在每一个关键的部分都新建一个图层。
图层透明度的修改，一般都是在图层上方有个透明度，拉下图层上放的透明度滑块就可以修改了，还有更快的方法，就是选择图层，按下键盘数值可以直接修改透明度，按下数值1就是修改10%的透明度，按下数值2就是修改20%的透明度，按下数值3就是修改30%的透明度，以此类推，可以快速改变图层透明度。
多使用蒙版
能想到删除和擦除这两个动作的地方，都可以用蒙版来代替。
删除和擦除是一种有破坏性的编辑，它们对于图层内容的伤害是不可逆的，而蒙版只是暂时隐藏选中的图像部分。好处在于，可以随时地对该部分图像进行继续隐藏或恢复等操作，并且无论操作多少遍，都对原图没有任何的破坏，蒙版是一种无损的编辑方式。
蒙版的使用方式
首先第一步打开素材，点击快速蒙版按钮。
使用画笔工具，大致选中照片中人像。
再次点击快速蒙版，退出快速蒙版模式，按住Ctrl+shift+I键进行反选。
在顶部菜单栏中执行“选择”-“选择并遮住”（老版本PS叫做调整边缘）。
接下来我们把透明度设为100，边缘检测半径设为60，移动边缘设置为15，选中净化颜色数值设置为57。
接下来选中调整边缘画笔工具，涂抹带有背景图层的位置，设置数值和效果。
多利用智能对象和智能滤镜
在对图像进行放大、缩小、扭曲、旋转和变形等操作时，都会有或多或少损失一部分画质，而将普通图层转化为智能对象后，再进行上述操作时，将保留图像一切的原始特性，不会对图像的原始画质造成任何的破坏，因而，智能对象也是一种无损的编辑方式。
右击图层，跳出来的窗口之后，选择“转换为智能对象”。
一些滤镜没有预览功能，只能设置一次参数看一次效果，如果不满意就得从头开始，使用智能滤镜后就可以很方便地修改滤镜的参数，不透明度和混合模式等。
多利用调整图层
当需要对图层的色阶、亮度，曲线和颜色等做出调整时，如果直接在原图上修改，那么后期将很难再进行调整，调整图层是一个独立图层调整，图层是一个独立图层，在这个图层上可以反复进行多次的无损调整，最终效果不满意，还可以直接删除这个调整图层，然后重新添加一个调整图层，就可以继续对原图层进行调整，这个过程对原图层是没有任何影响的。
多使用快捷键
使用快捷键，是最能提升工作效率的操作，这就好比设置的特殊电话号码，按“1”直接就是打给父母，按“2”就是直接打给妻子。
快捷键位置：
点击打开之后，界面如下：
抠图技巧
1、钢笔工具抠图
钢笔工具适用于外形复杂、不连续、色差不大的图，加工精度高、纯手工放大边界点来抠图，先将需要抠图的素材拖到ps中。
利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层。
选择“钢笔工具”。
接着在需要抠图的地方描点。
将需要抠出来的部分都圈住后点击鼠标右键，选择“建立选区”。
调整羽化半径，根据描点距离图片的距离选择，勾选“消除锯齿”后点击“确定”。
然后建立好选区，可以利用快捷键“Ctrl+C”复制选区的图层。
在一个空白图层利用快捷键“Ctrl+V”粘贴即可完成抠图。
2、魔术棒抠图
魔术棒抠图适用于图像和背景色色差明显，背景单一，图像边界清晰的素材，首先将图片素材利用ps打开
接着点击“魔棒工具”
然后调整容差值为“32”，勾选“连续”和“消除锯齿”
然后利用魔棒工具点击图片的背景区，选择一个区域后点击键盘上的删除键
把背景全部删除后即可完成抠图
3、色彩范围抠图
色彩范围抠图适用于背意景色单一，图像分明、背景无色彩的素材。首先利用Ps打开图片素材
接着点击“选择”选项卡
然后在弹出的选项中选择“色彩范围”
然后用颜色吸管拾取背景色
接着勾选“反相”并点击“确定”
然后会建立一个选区
最后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层即可完成抠图
4、磁性索套工具抠图
磁性套索抠图适用于图像边界清晰，磁性索套会自动识别并黏附在图像边界上，如果边界模糊处放大了再放置这样就更精确，首先利用ps打开图片素材
然后选择“磁性套索工具”
接着将鼠标移到图像边界处，然后磁性套索工具自动识别并黏附在图像边界上
等磁性套索工具闭合后就将整个图像都选中了
然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层即可完成抠图
5、羽化法抠图
羽化法抠图适用于边界清楚的素材，首先利用ps打开图片素材
然后选择“套索工具”
接着利用套索工具将图像选中
然后点击鼠标右键，选择“羽化”
根据套索与图像的距离调整羽化半径，距离较近就调小点，如调整羽化半径为“5”后点击“确定”
然后就将图像抠出来了，但是周围有不需要的部分，可以利用橡皮擦工具擦去
点击选择“橡皮擦工具”
将周围多余的部分擦去即可完成抠图
6、蒙板抠图
蒙板抠图快速并直观适用范围广，首先利用ps打开图片素材
然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层
然后选择“图层1”并点击“添加图层蒙版”
接着将前景色调为黑色，背景色调为白色
调好后选择“画笔工具”
调整画笔工具的颜色为黑色，并选择图层蒙版
接着利用画笔工具将背景擦去即可完成抠图，如果不小心将图像擦掉了，可以交换前景色和背景色在擦除即可还原
7、通道抠图
通道抠图适用于色差不大，外形复杂的图形，像毛发及树枝等。首先利用ps打开图片素材
然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+j”复制一层图层
接着点击“通道”
选择并复制一个图像清楚的通道，如“蓝色”
然后点击“图像”选项卡
选择“调整”下的“色阶”
然后调整色阶以增强图像对比度，调整好后点击“确定”
接着选择“快速选择工具”
将图像选中，边界处可以放大在选择
选择好后点击“编辑”选项卡
在弹出来的选项中选择“填充”
将图像填充为背景色即为黑色，点击“确定”
然后选择“图像”选项卡
选择调整下的“反相”将背景设置为白色
接着利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层
接着将图层1和背景的“小眼睛”关闭即可查看抠出来的图像
8、反向抠图
找到图片，点击打开。
点击使用魔棒工具。
点击外部空白区域。
点击右键，点击“选择反向”。
再点击右键，选择通过拷贝（剪切）的图层。
删除背景图层。
如图，抠图完成。
去水印技巧
1、使用仿制图章工具去除
使用仿制图章工具去除文字这是比较常用的方法，具体的操作是，选取仿制图章工具，按住Alt键，在无文字区域点击相似的色彩名图案采样，然后在文字区域拖动鼠标复制以覆盖文字。
要注意的是，采样点即为复制的起始点。选择不同的笔刷直径会影响绘制的范围，而不同的笔刷硬度会影响绘制区域的边缘融合效果。
2、使用修补工具去除文字
如果图片的背景色彩或图案比较一致，使用修补工具就比较方便。
具体操作是：选取修补工具，在公共栏中选择修补项为“源”，关闭“透明”选项。然后用修补工具框选文字，拖动到无文字区域中色彩或图案相似的位置，松开鼠标就完成复制。
修补工具具有自动匹配颜色的功能，复制的效果与周围的色彩较为融合，这是仿制图章工具所不具备的。
3、使用修复画笔工具去除文字
操作的方法与仿制图章工具相似。按住Alt键，在无文字区域点击相似的色彩或图案采样，然后在文字区域拖动鼠标复制以覆盖文字，只是修复画笔工具与修补工具一样，也具有自动匹配颜色的功能，可根据需要进行选用。
4、应用消失点滤镜法
对于一些透视效果较强的画面(如地板)，可以应用“消失点”滤镜进行处理。
操作方法是，框选要处理的文字区域，(防止选区以外的部分也被覆盖)执行菜单命令：滤镜——消失点，进入消失点滤镜编辑界面。
1)选取左边工具栏中的创建面板工具，由地板砖缝交汇处开始，沿着缝隙，依次点四个点，连成一个有透视效果的矩形。然后拖动其边线向右方及下方扩展，令面板完全覆盖文字。
2)选取左边工具栏中的图章工具，按住Alt键点击选取源图像点，待颜色变化后，在文字区域拖动便完成复制。
人像磨皮
首先通过快捷键Ctrl+O键打开一张人物图片，然后通过Ctrl+J键将图片复制一层，在滤镜菜单下找到“Neural Filters...”单击打开。
先开启“皮肤平滑度”按钮，再调整“模糊、平滑度”数值，最后点击确定，以智能对象方式输出。
ps2021新增的平滑度滤镜可以一键识别人物脸部，并进行磨皮，还可以通过智能滤镜进行修改，效果与美颜相机类似。
图片上色技巧
首先我们用ps打开图片。
然后新建一个图层。
将图层混合模式设置为颜色。
接着选择画笔前景色。
然后在图层上使用画笔上色即可。
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Systems开发和发行的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"图像处理软件","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。修图也即修改图片，将图片进行一定的处理，修调，从而达到需要的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAMW0C6mMOQwQhP0dNL28g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解界面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOG0EkeiIAMyaaQpPmd3yS9"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":826,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"了解界面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e79f7d6afb7345a9b971c63c30e95ea5","width":1596},"text":"","id":"doxcnUKg0GGgAsoiOAdDp0sfnsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YcU8m8IWoQScj6Ky9k5We"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"顶部区域是菜单栏，将Photoshop所有的操作分为九类，除了【帮助】选项，共九项菜单。如编辑、图像、图层、滤镜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KQmYaKwg280GZe0wJKBe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具属性栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyGWIQk8cAGWQH8T3c5w0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝色部分称为工具属性栏，左侧工具栏中的每个工具选项都对应不同的工具属性(如下图)，所以选择不同的工具或选择不同的对象时出现的选项也不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQmewCaWYgWsCC8fXskrnXf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygaE8sK6SeEwWcDB4HzNSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"红色区域中的竖长条称为工具栏，也称为工具箱。对图像的修饰以及绘图等工具，都从这里调用。几乎每种工具都有相应的键盘快捷键。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOycekuwMOEg0AlRpZq3Db"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"浮动面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWemImGoIEa08kNVt4MCJSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PS的的右上方是浮动面板区域。浮动面板是Photoshop中非常重要的辅助工具，它为图形图像处理提供了各种各样的辅助功能。每个浮动面板都可以用鼠标进行拖拽随意放置符合你工作惯性的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaGmO2C8ieaIC9sLdArsfb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"标题栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoKeoMSkgoU8shBS9SRb0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标题栏显示的是对工作区命名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGsKaAK6eAEgAWizJsn9jIb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"状态栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno6QqC8YsGCeGERK1QSddhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包含四个部分，分别为：图像显示比例、文件大小、浮动菜单按钮及工具提示栏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeEgCGwwEMQKEz7raWlC9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"图层工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnicwgMqUgKU2YaAjZcIqKPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包含：图层关联、图层样式、蒙版、滤镜、图层组、图层、删除图层，这7大功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwEUkys2KW6QESYm96yJESf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsYekI4YIWemuWU1kJgM3He"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKoKMgaaqS6qglwQt3yo2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作区灰色的区域称为工作区，用来显示制作中的图像。Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作，图像之间还可以互相传送数据。在打开的图像间可通过菜单【窗口】底行的图像名称切换，也可以快捷键【CTRL+TAB】完成图像切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnww2s66uysCQeI1UqdNLhIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小窍门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnymiqCKK6qGgsYrInYD9s4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体每一个工具的名称，只要把鼠标移动到该工具上，旁边就会出现工具名称。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8K4CsceWySeWQTQQJwfYre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"修图方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqI6MIge4WCckd5FxWi8Ze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用多个图层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6O8AS6c22sUXJbbq2mVog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在工作中尽可能地使用多个图层，图层的作用，就是为了方便后期更改，否则Photoshop后期的修图和合成很难一次成型，为了让作品更完美，创作过程中会反复修改，因而最好在每一个关键的部分都新建一个图层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaqE2CwScgQyewWbb1aAgZu"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":762,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用多个图层","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0feea9466654f1397b26fb65971b919","width":1368},"text":"","id":"doxcnU0EKmauyOGeCofXXHSxy9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图层透明度的修改，一般都是在图层上方有个透明度，拉下图层上放的透明度滑块就可以修改了，还有更快的方法，就是选择图层，按下键盘数值可以直接修改透明度，按下数值1就是修改10%的透明度，按下数值2就是修改20%的透明度，按下数值3就是修改30%的透明度，以此类推，可以快速改变图层透明度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOOK2AkICcCA4UfNQ5n0GJg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"多使用蒙版","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC8WEIciu02I6mAeTSA7X6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"能想到删除和擦除这两个动作的地方，都可以用蒙版来代替。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYUuWYG4EGmgegwW5Mx7Zc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"删除和擦除是一种有破坏性的编辑，它们对于图层内容的伤害是不可逆的，而蒙版只是暂时隐藏选中的图像部分。好处在于，可以随时地对该部分图像进行继续隐藏或恢复等操作，并且无论操作多少遍，都对原图没有任何的破坏，蒙版是一种无损的编辑方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsmqAyYIqUmi2a86CRuTfSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"l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"id":"doxcnAYgQwsMKS6KmS3ck9InNZr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着将前景色调为黑色，背景色调为白色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOQk8yGQOGqIsZBvsdZBpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"6、蒙板抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c8c1535e0884f4891f055b1e9a3e844","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnOUAG2Q0Ce2YcO6TnOFCULe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调好后选择“画笔工具”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6weqWk4U2ywwm2cPxZGjSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"6、蒙板抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/45a5071392e24230b7cdf63735d01571","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnQWcSgmguYWQeABlqZs2Vrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调整画笔工具的颜色为黑色，并选择图层蒙版","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6O2GSI0QW8IugFwgcgxhgh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"6、蒙板抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a67c481795147e4816733a60191659d","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnEW4gC8auO6km2QBnZL6kir"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着利用画笔工具将背景擦去即可完成抠图，如果不小心将图像擦掉了，可以交换前景色和背景色在擦除即可还原","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoWYmKoic0kcYv4x95ENde"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"6、蒙板抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5b87df26980842ad89a3ce2c9503cdf0","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcn2isooEiumwyE6n0CAEZCtd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAsaIamecEioCi8ofF8Pdlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通道抠图适用于色差不大，外形复杂的图形，像毛发及树枝等。首先利用ps打开图片素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUi0AiySea24MCerVjklnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6842d6ac72df414ca5b8c3dbe7a59c0d","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnG0QkkusMcG00u85nIFsJZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后利用快捷键“Ctrl+j”复制一层图层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGmY8YmiGGS6I0dFPPOJKeb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eaf2767c39c34c2cbfc4b358ca2f8929","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcn4224u4OeM84s0ChazCCWoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着点击“通道”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnysmUW2UukEY4uMwYf6y7Ue"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/deb11bbb39c54a6ebea2329cd32bb7ec","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnMQeWywmWUUIWK6ookCQnTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择并复制一个图像清楚的通道，如“蓝色”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGAii62uUQkAOAjUCDbvR9f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e9c48c5ef1e428f8f076d49e861765a","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnqsG2gGeCQswWoPBzmah0uf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后点击“图像”选项卡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2SUQcEKCWWSWAlM8bLMHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/78a5d2fbd4984789a9aa27c2fc4ba45e","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnEguEeagO0ca22zYoo0Spfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择“调整”下的“色阶”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCyiAQsiYqUKWQE2FAwJFc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":299,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/303d42e91258413ea195aa27a86d6a47","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcn6KcQieI2co4iEvR6NwZ8ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后调整色阶以增强图像对比度，调整好后点击“确定”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6iwWiSQmaQgeqM4s1D2NNb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f49425f09ac248a38fb6b96e4b9706db","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnuAGAgUiQqsGEOe02JeAfPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着选择“快速选择工具”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUIc0SeeWYCy4z6Ea4yhIHQ"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":299,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59609f42fc78498aa26ae58990962011","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnCW06q8gqYEYYKipjhwK1Fd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将图像选中，边界处可以放大在选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWOS6MqUmWGIAdVKWGHHhd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da8ef5ac12524578aefdc1b546540b82","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2eYW4qqeis0KxNNSu8znb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择好后点击“编辑”选项卡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcQSMu46WysiiErgqbFjxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/acda2d54555d4beb9c8cdd4ab19b04bb","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcn6CimIym4IOYKyozyrZEW8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在弹出来的选项中选择“填充”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQu0i8IYiQU6Smj9HzMoKe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":274,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/761f00e9455e47ae8f94c64c449589ef","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnMWigc2y8ycWCOGufGyz3Lf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将图像填充为背景色即为黑色，点击“确定”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMqGYu0mImuIEIzq8OjGkeb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e2751d3647eb4636a04cf7bd3be176a1","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcn04oIWQC24OIC8jDowQmZ1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后选择“图像”选项卡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcUMIOa8e6mYEjzRgktgHe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/82bb713447a243ac8ea8cc34e528963a","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnW840O8UiYKWEuwWxuUyXJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择调整下的“反相”将背景设置为白色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngmAQggs6kYkIiC67hxdKzf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":305,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d9135424ea0d485b9c80d3107374adcc","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnwOeWKoeaIo06uD9Uomob8A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着利用快捷键“Ctrl+J”复制一层图层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCkkskgi8yI2cwHZmuRRALe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cdd963cfb794878ba690c66a7de105d","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnmOsu8gCsoeUYuOtlWCs6nc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着将图层1和背景的“小眼睛”关闭即可查看抠出来的图像","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIaaIEU4eimKcYwnFgfW1Pz"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":294,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"7、通道抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68712e6140d84c668f3545f1e2780cd8","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnOEyo2AK844oUcvMWGsWsgh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSIgW6QkCgEuWXak0UNJePX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找到图片，点击打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna62IsAUg4CIEMd2p7GgLjh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":498,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/898142c12d8c4cd89ee224311bf46149","width":529},"text":"","id":"doxcnmUa4cCmOSSKy0KhVor5yUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击使用魔棒工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnimCwQcU4meMmyemchp46Df"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":421,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9cb717b3e6c04db3a7153720df316033","width":617},"text":"","id":"doxcnsUi4e2iUkWcUCClc19hneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击外部空白区域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC606iauewWu6qe4hvA8ASe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":563,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/65f76d2e8ec84deb8e4aad47fe99e37f","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnKMwiGCOug8yKuskjEjRrcg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击右键，点击“选择反向”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEG8qQAeMm82I2NqLPv2jgc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":408,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b265bb3ef83e4bb1a950322c9f910cf9","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnUwMy4Q8sQKSiSQxAA827Cc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"再点击右键，选择通过拷贝（剪切）的图层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyIS4SMwwKEEMpixUraiTh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27375d904f4544298e439e8cad031890","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnUG8CeQOiyasSijiYrEtb41"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"删除背景图层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkyeWEksi2ugSAljRYHR7hg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"8、反向抠图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/195537b5adf547bba1c44209908ba651","width":515},"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ek6caQyEe0wSgLzKo6nKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如图，抠图完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMkGK4i8Aem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Filters...","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"”单击打开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneWwwGyCmoQqAeYgfsygQGf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":783,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/38dc2d7825a841e6a04a474188ad1632","width":1115},"text":"","id":"doxcnIKS8A8sIYyqcaKA65mXP8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先开启“皮肤平滑度”按钮，再调整“模糊、平滑度”数值，最后点击确定，以智能对象方式输出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq6kwiu6AC4WkC8TBIKASah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27bd234ea61244c7aab36316d4175d95","width":1092},"text":"","id":"doxcnqM6KOigAUISSOuOso7VVmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ps2021新增的平滑度滤镜可以一键识别人物脸部，并进行磨皮，还可以通过智能滤镜进行修改，效果与美颜相机类似。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAk8s2iES6uSaArclZ65Ng"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人像磨皮","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1d3da714f3ee4d1796c03e522687224c","width":1092},"text":"","id":"doxcnoKoAkGS0qQeQ4Ah54hrkId"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAKCuGii8qK8vHXZleNPm7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先我们用ps打开图片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUouuiCqQAc0UxyRVH7Wef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":550,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c6583ebb77460f91afa35dcfe234c5","width":1200},"text":"","id":"doxcnQa0IuigSQUkKs2PHjmfIYH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后新建一个","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"层。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUgkaKsc2gqiko9PNa1Cclg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8cf4b7ae364247e5bd144e8ef3e188f5","width":1100},"text":"","id":"doxcn0kwGouWeY2ww8X3qZekIBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将图层混合模式设置为颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MsM0Q8A4MSCK6iCIwwDsh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":433,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/243c4bafa0114133850533e635781fed","width":670},"text":"","id":"doxcnuw0yGc4iyIKaEdMQKrjTPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接着选择画笔前景色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoiE6ISsQyUOSEEtfNbN4Yf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":548,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"图片上色技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ee989baaa2041ed8fac6547906ae43f","width":1200},"text":"","id":"doxcn684O2qgIW8cSusMinAkiQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后在图层上使用画笔上色即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMSicoEMmoyAeycrBK4i8ed"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
7. 颗粒取样器GQ—K/L
自由度(degree of freedom, df)指的是计算某一统计量时，取值不受限制的变量个数。通常df=n-k。其中n为样本数量，k为被限制的条件数或变量个数，或计算某一统计量时用到其它独立统计量的个数。自由度通常用于抽样分布中。